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Brian Peter George St. Jean le Baptiste de la
Salle Eno (born 15 May 1948 in Woodbridge,
Suffolk) is a United Kingdom|British electronic
musician, music theory|music theorist and record
producer. As a solo artist, he is probably best
known as the father of ambient music.

Eno first came to prominence as the keyboardist
and sonic wizard of the 1970s art rock band Roxy
Music. After leaving the group, Eno recorded a
series of idiosyncratic rock and roll|rock albums,
later turning to more abstract, new age music|new
age styles on groundbreaking albums like Another
Green World (1975) and Music for Airports|Ambient
1/Music for Airports (1978). Since then, he has
produced dozens of albums (many with
similarly-minded collaborators such as Harold Budd
and Robert Fripp) which have displayed his unique
approach to music. He has also occasionally
returned to the popular music|pop song format.

His production credits include some of the most
respected albums of David Bowie, Talking Heads and
U2 (band)|U2.

Eno has pursued several artistic ventures parallel
to his music career, including visual art
installations, a regular newspaper column|column
in the newspaper The Observer and, with artist
Peter Schmidt, Oblique Strategies, a deck of cards
recommending various artistic strategies.

==Education and early musical career==

Eno was educated at Ipswich Art School and the
Winchester School of Art, graduating from the
latter in 1969.  While at art school, he developed
an interest in using tape recorders as musical
instruments, and he experimented with his first
(sometimes improvisation|improvisational) bands.

===Roxy Music===

Eno started his professional musical career in
London, with the highly-successful
Glam_Rock|glam/Art_rock|art-rock band Roxy Music,
from 1971 to 1973|'73. As a self-professed
"non-musician", at the band's early live shows Eno
was to be found not on stage, but behind the
mixing desk, where his efforts went way beyond the
usual balancing of the volume levels: he would
process the instrument sounds through his VCS3
synthesizer, tape recorders and other electronic
devices, frequently singing backing vocals as
well. Eno soon graduated to join the rest of Roxy
on stage however, where his bizarre costumes
contributed to a large part of the band's visual
appeal. Public interest in Eno fuelled a rivalry
between him and Roxy's leader, Bryan Ferry, who
sacked him from the band on completion of the tour
for their second album, albeit generously allowing
Eno to keep his share of the band's considerable
debts.

===Solo work===

Eno embarked on a solo career almost immediately.
Between 1973 and 1978 created four influential
solo albums of electronically inflected pop songs
– Here Come The Warm Jets, Taking Tiger
Mountain (By Strategy), Another Green World and
Before and After Science.   He played with Phil
Manzanera in the band 801 (band)|801. He continued
his career by producing a larger number of highly
eclectic and increasingly ambient music|ambient
electronic music|electronic and acoustic albums. 
He is widely cited as coining the term "ambient
music," low-volume music designed to modify one's
perception of a surrounding environment, producing
his Ambient series (Music for Airports, The
Plateaux of Mirror, Day of Radiance and On Land).
Eno describes himself as a "non-musician" and
coined the term "treatments" to describe his
modification of the sound of musical instruments,
and to separate his role from that of the
traditional instrumentalist.  His skill at using
"The Studio as a Compositional Tool" (the title of
an essay by Eno) led in part to his career as a
producer. His methods were recognized at the time
(mid-70s) as unique, so much so on (Genesis
(band)|Genesis's The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway)
he is credited with "Enossification."

Eno started the Obscure label in Britain in 1975
to release works by less-known composers. The
first group of three releases included his own
composition, Discreet Music,  and the now-famous
The Sinking of the Titanic by Gavin Bryars. The
second side of Discreet  Music consisted of
several versions of Pachelbel's canon to which
various algorithmic transformations have been
applied, rendering it almost unrecognizable. Side
1 consisted of a tape loop system for generating
music from relative sparse input. These tapes were
later used as backgrounds in some of his
collaborations with Robert Fripp of King Crimson,
and the methodology (not entirely original with
Eno) was later used by Fripp (on his
Frippertronics albums) and others. Only ten
Obscure albums were released, including works by
John Adams, Michael Nyman, and John Cage. At this
time he was also affiliating with artists in the
Fluxus|Fluxus movement and worked with the
Portsmouth Sinfonia.

In 1981 he collaborated with David Byrne
(musician)|David Byrne, of Talking Heads, on My
Life in the Bush of Ghosts, which was built around
sampling (music)|sampling recordings and radio
broadcasts from around the world. Eno collaborated
with David Bowie as a writer and musician on
Bowie's influential "Berlin trilogy" of albums,
Low (album)|Low, "Heroes" and Lodger
(album)|Lodger, on Bowie's later album
1.OUTSIDE|1. Outside, and on the song "I'm Afraid
of Americans".  Eno has also collaborated with
John Cale, former member of Velvet Underground, on
his trilogy Fear, Slow Dazzle and Helen of Troy,
Robert Wyatt on his Shleep CD, with Jon Hassell, 
with the German duo Cluster (band)|Cluster, with
composer Harold Budd and others. In 1992, Eno
released his take on 'club electronica' titled
Nerve Net.

Eno returned in June of 2005 with Another Day on
Earth. It was the first major album of his to
primarily feature vocals since his collaboration
"Wrong Way Up" with John Cale. The album is
unsurprisingly different sonically than his 70's
solo work considering the changes in musical
production since then, as evident in Another Day
on Earth|Another Day on Earth's semi-electronic
production.

==Producing records and other projects==

From the very beginning of his solo career in
1973, Eno has been much in demand as a record
producer|producer.  His lengthly string of
producer credits includes albums for Talking
Heads, U2 (band)|U2, Devo, Ultravox! and James
(band)|James. He won the best producer award at
the 1994 and 1996 Brit Awards|BRIT awards. 

Despite being a self-professed "non-musician", Eno
has contributed to recordings by a huge number
artists as varied as Nico, Robert Calvert, Genesis
(band)|Genesis, Edikanfo, and Zvuki Mu, in various
capacities such as use of his
studio/synthesizer/electronic treatments, vocals,
guitar, bass guitar, and even just as being 'Eno'.
 
He collaborated on the development of the Koan
algorithmic music generator.

Eno has also been active in other artistic genres,
producing videos for gallery display and
collaborating with visual artists in other
endeavors. One is the set of "Oblique Strategies"
cards that he produced in the mid-70s, which was
described as "100 Worthwhile Dilemmas" and
intended as guides to shaking up the mind in the
process of producing artistic endeavors. Another
was his collaboration with artist Russell Mills
(artist)|Russell Mills on the book More Dark Than
Shark. He was also the provider of music for
Robert Sheckley's In the Land of Clear Colours, a
narrated story with music originally published by
a small art gallery in Spain.

In 1996 Brian Eno, and others, started the Long
Now Foundation to educate the public into thinking
about the very long term future of society.

Eno is a columnist for the United Kingdom|British
newspaper, The Observer.

In 1994 Eno was approached by Mark Malamud and
Erik Gavriluk, senior designers on the Cairo
operating system|Microsoft Cairo project.  The
result was the start-up sound for the Windows 95
operating system (which Eno created on his Apple
Macintosh). From an interview with the San
Francisco Chronicle:

: The idea came up at the time when I was
completely bereft of ideas. I'd been working  on
my own music for a while and was quite lost,
actually. And I really appreciated someone coming
along and saying, "Here's a specific problem
– solve it." The thing from the agency said,
"We want a piece of music that is inspiring,
universal,  blah-blah, da-da-da, optimistic,
futuristic, sentimental, emotional," this whole
list  of adjectives, and then at the bottom it
said "and it must be 3 1/4 seconds long." I
thought this was so funny and an amazing thought
to actually try to make a little  piece of music.
It's like making a tiny little jewel. In fact, I
made 84 pieces. I got completely into this world
of tiny, tiny little pieces  of music. I was so
sensitive to microseconds at the end of this that
it really broke  a logjam in my own work. Then
when I'd finished that and I went back to working
with  pieces that were like three minutes long, it
seemed like oceans of time.

==Discography==

* (1972) Roxy Music (by Roxy Music)
* (1973) For Your Pleasure (by Roxy Music)
* (1973) No Pussyfooting (with Robert Fripp)
* (1973) Portsmouth Sinfonia Plays the Popular
Classics (with the Portsmouth Sinfonia)
* (1973) Here Come The Warm Jets
* (1974) Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy)
* (1975) Evening Star (album)|Evening Star (with
Robert Fripp)
* (1975) Another Green World
* (1975) Discreet Music
* (1977) Cluster & Eno (with Cluster
(band)|Cluster)
* (1978) Before and After Science
* (1978) Ambient #1 / Music for Airports
* (1978) Music for Films
* (1978) After the Heat (with Roedelius and Dieter
Moebius aka Cluster)
* (1980) Ambient #2 / The Plateaux of Mirror (with
Harold Budd)
* (1980) Fourth World, Vol. 1: Possible Musics
(with Jon Hassell)
* (1980) Ambient #3 / Day of Radiance (by Laraaji
with Eno producing)
* (1981) My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (with David
Byrne)
* (1982) Ambient #4 / On Land
* (1983) Apollo: Atmospheres and Soundtracks
* (1984) The Pearl (1984 album)|The Pearl (with
Harold Budd)
* (1985) Thursday Afternoon (soundtrack to an art
gallery video)
* (1985) Hybrid (with Daniel Lanois and Michael
Brook)
* (1989) Textures
* (1990) The Shutov Assembly
* (1990) Wrong Way Up (with John Cale)
* (1992) Nerve Net
* (1993) Neroli
* (1995) Spinner (with Jah Wobble)
* (1995) Original Soundtracks No. 1 (with U2
(band)|U2)
* (1997) The Drop
* (2001) Drawn From Life (with Peter Schwalm)
* (2002) Lightness
* (2002) I Dormienti
* (2002) Kite Stories
* (2003) Music for Civic Recovery Centre
* (2003) Compact Forest Proposal
* (2003) January 07003 | Bell Studies for The
Clock of The Long Now
* (2004) Curiosities Volume 1
* (2004) Curiosities Volume 2
* (2004) The Equatorial Stars (with Robert Fripp)
* (2005) Another Day on Earth

==See also==



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