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:See Exile (uation) for other meanings. 

Exile is a form of punishment. It means to be away
from one's home (i.e. city, state or country)
while either being explicitly refused permission
to return and/or being threatened by prison or
death penalty|death upon return. 

It is common to distinguish between internal
exile, i.e., forced resettlement within the
country of residence, and external exile,
deportation outside the country of residence.

== History ==

Exile has a long tradition as a form of
punishment. It has been known in Ancient Rome,
where the Roman Senate had the power to exile
individuals, entire families or countries (which
amounted to a declaration of war). 

In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth a court of
law could sentence a noble to exile (banicja). As
long as the exile (banita) remained in the
Commonwealth he had a price on his head and
anybody who killed him could expect a monetary
reward from the state (usually a starosta of given
region). Special forms of exile were accompanied
by wyświecenie (a declaration in Church) or
by issuance of a separate declaration to townfolk
and peasantry. A lesser form of exile was infamy
(infamia). A noble who has been infamed lost the
protection of the law although there was no reward
for his death (but neither was there any penalty).
In additon, an infamed noble who killed an exiled
one could expect his infamy to be revoked. Both
exile and infamy could be revoked if the person
had done a great service to the state. One of the
most famous exiles of the Commonwealth was Samuel
Laszcz|Samuel Łaszcz.

== Personal exile ==

Exile was used particularly for political
opponents of those in power. The use of exile for
political purposes can sometimes be useful for the
government because it prevents the exilee from
organizing in their native land or from becoming a
martyr.

Exile represented a severe punishment,
particularly for those, like Ovid or Du Fu, exiled
to strange or backward regions, cut off from all
of the possibilities of life as well as their
families and associates. Dante Alighieri|Dante
describes the pain of exile in the Divine Comedy:

:«. . . Tu lascerai ogne cosa diletta
:piĂč caramente; e questo Ăš quello strale
:che l'arco de lo essilio pria saetta.
:Tu proverai sĂŹ come sa di sale
:lo pane altrui, e come Ăš duro calle
:lo scendere e 'l salir per l'altrui scale . . .»

:". . . You will leave everything you love most:  
:this is the arrow that the bow of exile
:shoots first.  You will know how salty
:another's bread tastes and how hard it
:is to ascend and descend 
:another's stairs . . ."

:Paradiso XVII: 55-60  

Exile has been softened, to some extent, in the
19th century|nineteenth and 20th century|twentieth
centuries, as exiles have received welcome in
other countries and have either created new
communities within those countries or, less
frequently, returned to their homelands following
the demise of the regime that exiled them.

== Government in exile ==
see details|Government in exile

During a foreign occupation or after a coup
d'etat, a government in exile of a such afflicted
country may be established abroad.

== Nation in exile ==
see details|Diaspora

When large groups, or occasionally a whole people
or nation is exiled, it can be said that this
nation is in exile, or Diaspora. Nations that have
been in exile for substantial periods include the
Jews, who were deported by Nebuchadnezzar II of
Babylon in 597 BC and again in the years following
the destruction of the second Temple in Jerusalem
in the year AD 70.

After the partitions of Poland in the late 18th
century, and following the uprisings (like
Kosciuszko Uprising, Novermber Uprising and
January Uprising) against the partitioning powers
(Russian Empire, Prussia and Austro-Hungary), many
Poles have chosen - or be forced - into exile,
forming large diasporsas (known as Polonia),
especially in France and United States.

The entire population of Crimean Tatars (200,000)
that remained in their homeland Crimea was exiled
on 18 May 1944 to Central Asia as a form of ethnic
cleansing and collective punishment on false
accusations.

At Diego Garcia, between 1967 and 1973 the British
Government forcibly removed some 2,000 Ilois
resident islanders to make way for a military base
today jointly operated by the US and UK.

== Tax exile ==
see details|tax haven
A wealthy citizen who departs from a former abode
for a lower tax jurisdiction in order to reduce
his/her taxation|tax burden is termed a tax exile.

== Famous people who have been in exile ==
A selection of some of the famous exiles, listed
alpabetically by last name:

*Dante Alighieri
*Manuel Altolaguirre, exiled from Spain, to Cuba
and Mexico.
*Reinaldo Arenas exiled from Cuba, to United
States
*Miguel Ángel Asturias exiled from Guatemala to
France
*Francisco Ayala, exiled from Spain to Argentina
*Crown Prince Bao Long of Vietnam
*Rafael Alberti, exiled from Spain, to Argentina
*Michel Aoun, exiled from Lebanon, to France
*Saint Thomas Beckett, fled to France.
*Jean-Bertrand Aristide, exiled from Haiti, to
Venezuela and United States (1990-1994), and then
to Central African Republic and South Africa
(2004-present)
*Emperor Bao Dai of Vietnam
*Gioconda Belli, exiled from Nicaragua, to Mexico
*Lord Byron, exiled from United Kingdom, to Italy
and Ottoman Empire
*Napoleon Bonaparte exiled from France to Elba
and, later, St Helena
*Willy Brandt exiled to Norway and Sweden, during
the Nazi era
*Bertolt Brecht
*Breyten Breytenbach
*Joseph Brodsky, exiled from Soviet Union to
United States
*Alejo Carpentier, exiled to Haiti and Venezuela
*Frédéric Chopin, exiled from Poland to France
*Celia Cruz, exiled to United States
*Humberto Delgado, exiled from Portugal to Brazil
*Porfirio DĂ­az, exiled from MĂ©xico to France
*Ariel Dorfman, exiled from Chile, to France
*Du Fu
*Jean-Claude Duvalier, exiled form Haiti to France
*Albert Einstein self exiled from Germany to the
United States 
*Bobby Fischer from the United States to the
Philippines, Japan and Iceland
*Lion Feuchtwanger
*Sigmund Freud self exiled from Austria to United
Kingdom
*Alberto Fujimori, exiled from Peru to Japan
*Eduardo Galeano, exiled from Uruguay to Spain
*Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi exiled to South
America
*Francisco de Goya exiled to Bourdeaux as
afrancesado
*Jorge Guillén
*Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama, exiled from Tibet
to India
*Heinrich Heine
*Victor Hugo exiled from France to the Channel
Islands
*Juan Ramón Jiménez, fled to United States,
Cuba, and finally to Puerto Rico
*Arthur Koestler 
*Kim Dae-jung
*Idi Amin, exiled to Libya, and Saudi Arabia until
his death.
*Konstantinos Karamanlis
*Pavel Kohout
*Tadeusz Koƛciuszko
*Lajos Kossuth
*Prince Norodom Sihanouk, exiled from Cambodia to
China and North Korea twice.
*Peter Kropotkin
*Lenin self-exiled to Switzerland
*Lotte Lehmann
*FernĂŁo Lopez self-exile to Saint Helena
*La Lupe, to Puerto Rico and  United States
*Heinrich Mann self-exile to Switzerland and to
the United States
*Thomas Mann self-exile to Switzerland and to the
United States , moved back to Switzerland
*Ferdinand Marcos exiled from the Philippines to
Hawaii
*Karl Marx self-exiled from Germany to Great
Britain
*José Martí
*Giuseppe Mazzini 
*Rigoberta MenchĂș, exiled from Guatemala, to
Mexico
*Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov
*Ezekiel Mphahlele, exiled from South Africa to
Kenia, Zambia and United States 
*Adam Mickiewicz
*Mobutu Sese Seko
*Mireya Moscoso, fled to Spain
*Kwane Nkrumah
*Juan Carlos Onetti exiled from Uruguay to Spain
until his death.
*Ovid
*VĂ­ctor Paz Estenssoro, exiled from Bolivia to
Argentina, PerĂș
*Carlos Andrés Pérez, exiled from Venezuela, to
Colombia, Costa Rica, and United States
*Marcos Pérez Jiménez, exiled from Venezuela to
USA and Spain
*Juan PerĂłn exiled from Argentina to  Paraguay
and Spain. 
*Saint-John Perse exiled from Vichy France to
United States
*Bob Powell
*Ferenc PuskĂĄs
*Victor RaĂșl Haya de la Torre, fled to Mexico
*Romain Rolland, fled to Switzerland
*Wilhelm Röpke fled Germany during Nazi rule
*Prince Sauryavong Savang, lives in exile in
Paris, France
*Crown Prince Soulivong Savang, lives in exile in
Paris, France
*Prince Vong Savang, lives in exile in Paris,
France
*Jorge SemprĂșn, exiled from Spain, to France
*Costas Simitis, exiled from Greece, to Germany
*Prince Mangkra Souvannaphouma, lives in exile in
Paris, France
*Prince Jerry Remigius Kanagarajah lived in exile
in London, England. Currently lives in exile in
the Netherlands
*Prince Nguyen Phuc Buu Chanh of Vietnam, lives in
exile in the United States 
*Prince Shwebomin lives in exile in London,
England
*PrinceHso Khan Pha  lives in exile in Canada
*Fernando Savater
*Emperor Amha Selassie I, lived in exile in
Djibouti,Israel, Great Britain, and United States.
*Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia
*Crown Prince Zera Yacob Amha Selassie lived in
exile in Djibouti, Israel, Great Britain, and
United States
*Juliusz Slowacki
*Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn exiled from the Soviet
Union, returned after the fall of Communism
*Mario Soares
*Wole Soyinka
*Alfredo Stroessner exile from  Paraguay to Brazil
*Sun Yat-sen
*Oliver Tambo 
*Leon Trotsky exiled to Turkey, France , Norway
and Mexico
*Miguel de Unamuno fled to France.
*Mario Vargas Llosa, exiled from PerĂș, to France,
Spain and Great Britain.
*Bruno Walter
*Mohammad Zaher Shah exile from Afghanistan to
Italy
*Nicholas I of Montenegro
*RaĂșl Salinas de Gortari self-exiled to Ireland

== See also ==
* Ban
* Ostracism
* Refugee