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Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B. (6 October,
1769 – October 13, 1812) was a British
Empire|British major-general and Administrator of
the Government|administrator, who served in
various parts of the Empire for nearly thirty
years, serving in the Caribbean, Denmark, and
elsewhere. During that time he challenged
duelists, nearly died from fever, was injured in
battle, faced both desertions and near mutinies,
and also had the privilege of serving alongside
Horatio Nelson|Lord Nelson. However, he is best
remembered for his actions while assigned to the
Canada|Canadian colonies.

Brock was assigned to Canada in 1802, eventually
reaching the rank of Major-General.  In this
capacity, he was responsible for defending Canada
from the United States during the War of 1812. 
While many in Canada and in England believed war
could be averted, Brock began preparing the army,
the militia, and the populace for what was to
come.  Thus, when war broke out, Canada was
prepared, and quick victories at Fort Mackinac,
and in the Battle of Detroit, which crippled
American invasion efforts, secured Brock's
reputation as a brilliant leader and strategist. 
His death in the Battle of Queenston Heights was a
crushing blow to British leadership.  Brock's
efforts earned him accolades, a knighthood, and
the moniker 'The Hero of Upper Canada'.

== Background ==

Brock was born in Saint Peter Port on the Channel
Islands|Channel Island of Guernsey, as the eighth
son of a moderately wealthy family.  He earned a
reputation during his early education as a good
swimmer and boxer.  He kept a reputation as a
physically commanding man throughout his life, and
is said to have stood between 6 ft 2 in and 6 ft 4
in (1.88 and 1.93 m) in height.  He was also noted
as a serious scholar, who took education very
seriously, even at a young age.  Following in the
footsteps of his father and three of his older
brothers, Brock decided to join the British
military.

== Military service ==
Although he is best known for his role in the
Battle of Detroit, and for his other actions in
the War of 1812, Brock had a successful pre-war
career, and a quick rise through the ranks which
many commented on at the time.  Some credited
luck, and others skill, in his rapid promotions,
and it's fair to say that Brock had substantial
portions of both on his way to prominence. 

=== Early career ===
Brock started as an ensign in the 8th Regiment of
Foot in 1785 at the age of 15, where he was likely
given responsibility for the regimental
coloursref|colours.  Brock reached the rank of
captain, and transferred to the 49th Foot (also
known as the Hertfordshire Regiment of Foot) on
June 15, 1791.  His nephew and biographer
(Ferdinand Brock Tupper) asserts that shortly
after joining the regiment, a professional dueler
forced a match on him.  As the one being
challenged, Brock had his choice of terms, and so
he insisted that they fight with pistols.  His
friends were shocked, as Brock was considered only
a moderately good shot, while this man was an
expert.  Brock, however, refused to change his
mind.  When the duelist arrived at the field, he
asked Brock to decide how many paces they would
take.  Brock subsequently insisted that the duel
would take place, not at the usual range, but at
handkerchief distance.  The duelist declined and
subsequently was forced to leave the regiment. 
This contributed to Brock's popularity and
reputation among his fellow officers, as this
duelist had a formidable reputation, and thus
bullied other officers without fear of reprisal. 
During his time with this regiment, he served in
the Caribbean.  At some point during his service
there, Brock fell ill with fever and nearly died;
only recovering once he had returned to England.

=== First command ===
In 1797, Brock purchased the rank of Lieutenant
Colonel, and became commander of the regiment.  In
1799, the 49th was assigned to an expedition
against the Batavian Republic (now known as the
Netherlands), to be led by Sir Ralph Abercromby.
During the troop landings, Brock saw his first
combat, on September 10, 1799, under the command
of then-Major General John Moore (British
soldier)|John Moore.  Given that the 49th was in
poor shape when Brock took command, they saw
little of the actual combat.  Likely Moore was
sparing them, and using more experienced troops to
establish the beachhead.  Finally, on October 2,
the 49th was actively involved in heavy combat, at
Egmont-op-Zee, where they acquitted themselves
well, only sustaining 33 fatalities.  This was
remarkable given the circumstances of the fight. 
The 49th had been ordered to proceed up the
beaches of Egmont-op-Zee, a steep climb through
sand dunes and poor terrain.  The situation was
exacerbated by harassment from France|French
sharpshooter|sharpshooters, who had excellent
cover.  After about six hours of heavy fighting,
the attack was stopped about a mile short of their
objective.  After an hour of close combat,
including fist and sabre fighting, the French
began to withdraw.  Brock himself was injured in
the fighting, when he was hit by a spent musket
ball in the throat.  A neck cloth prevented a
possibly fatal injury.  In his own words, “I
got knocked down shortly after the enemy began to
retreat, but never quitted (sic) the field, and
returned to my duty in less than half an
hour.” 

In 1801, while aboard the 74-gun HMS Ganges
(1782)|HMS Ganges (commanded by Captain Thomas
Fremantle, a personal friend of Brock's), Brock
was present at the Battle of Copenhagen, where it
was intended that his troops would lead an assault
on the forts at Copenhagen.  Although the outcome
of the battle made such an assault unnecessary,
Brock observed first hand the tactical brilliance
of Horatio Nelson|Lord Nelson.  After the battle,
along with Fremantle, he was among those to
personally congratulate Nelson.
In 1802, Brock and the 49th Foot were ordered to
Canada.

=== Transfer to Canada ===

Brock arrived in Canada, along with the rest of
the 49th foot, and was initially assigned to
Quebec City.  Almost immediately, in 1803 he was
faced with one of the primary problems in Canada,
desertionref|desertion. Seven soldiers stole a
boat and fled across the border into the United
States.  Brock sent a party across the border in
pursuit, and the men were captured.

=== Mutiny ===
A short time later, Brock was sent a report by an
officer at Fort George that some of the garrison
were planning to imprison the officers and flee to
the United States.  Immediately, he boarded the
schooner that had brought the message and went on
it to Fort George, which was under the command of
then-Lieutenant Colonel Roger Hale Sheaffe.  A
hastily assembled honour guard formed to greet
Brock's unexpected arrival.  Accompanied by an
orderly and another soldier who would form his
reputation in Canada, James Fitzgibbon, Brock had
the sergeant of the guard disarmed and confined. 
Then he entered the fort.

As it was the dinner hour, all the soldiers were
in barracks.  Brock sent his orderly to bring him
a soldier suspected of being one of the mutiny's
ringleaders.  As soon as he entered the room
Fitzgibbon pinned the man and threatened to kill
him if he cried out.  One at a time, other
suspected mutineers were captured in the same way.
 Finally, Brock ordered the drummers to assemble
the men.  They filtered out of the barracks and
formed a line in front of Brock.  Brock ordered
that all men involved in the mutiny step forward,
and a number did so, and were arrested.  Brock
then addressed the regiment, and asked for the
obedience of those who had not known about the
mutiny.  The men pledged this obedience, and
returned to the barracks.  

Brock sent the twelve mutineers and the seven
deserters to Quebec for court martial.  There it
was discovered that the mutineers had planned to
jail all the officers, save Sheaffe, who was to be
killed, and then cross the Niagara into America at
Queenston.  Seven soldiers were subsequently
executed by firing squad.  Ferdinand Tupper was
present at the trial and executions, and wrote
about them to Brock.  He described how the
mutineers had testified that they were forced to
such measures by the severity of Sheaffe, and how,
had they continued under Brock's command, they
would never have taken such action.  Brock was
evidently much moved by the letter.  As a result
of his continued competence, Brock was promoted to
colonel on October 30, 1805.

=== Pre-war preparations ===
By 1806 the United States was becoming
increasingly hostile to the British Empire, and
would continue to do so until war broke out in
1812.  The chief reasons for this were the
impressment of American sailors by the Royal Navy,
the Orders in Council (1807)|blockade of French
ports, and a belief that the British were secretly
inciting American Indians to attack United States
settlements on the western frontier. War Hawks in
the United States called for an invasion of Canada
to punish the British Empire and to end the
American Indian threat.  Historians have also
speculated that a belief in manifest destiny
contributed to the decision to go to war, and this
is taught in Canadian schools.

In response to this emerging threat, Brock moved
quickly to bolster Canadian defenses.  He
strengthened the fortifications of Quebec
City|Quebec by building walls and an elevated
battery.  Although having little formal education,
Brock succeeded in creating a formidable defensive
position largely due to his reading, which
included several volumes on the science of running
and setting up artillery.  He also re-arranged the
marine department (responsible for lakes and
rivers), which lead to the development of a naval
force capable of holding the Great Lakes.  This
was to be pivotal during the war.

In 1807, Brock was made a brigadier-general by
Governor General Sir James Henry Craig.  He was to
take command of all forces in Upper Canada in
1810.  During this time, Brock continued to ask
for a posting in Europe.  In 1811 he was promoted
to Major General, and in October of that year,
Lieutenant Governor Francis Gore, left for
England.  This made Brock the provisional
Lieutenant Governor, and as such, administrator of
Upper Canada, putting him fully in charge of both
the military and the civil authority.  Thus, when
permission to leave for Europe finally came in
early 1812, Brock declined the offer, seeing it as
his duty to defend Canada in war against the
United States.   
  
As Upper Canada's administrator, Brock made a
series of changes designed to help Canada in the
event of a war.  He amended the militia act,
allowing the use of all available volunteers, and
he ordered enhanced training of these raw
recruits, despite opposition from the provincial
legislature.  Furthermore, he continued
strengthening and reinforcing defenses.  Also,
Brock began seeking out American Indian leaders,
such as the Shawnee chief Tecumseh, to see if they
would ally with him against the Americans in the
event of war.  Although the conventional wisdom of
the day was that Canada would fall quickly in the
event of an invasion (various American
politicians, particularly Thomas Jefferson,
boasted that it would be a "mere matter of
marching"), Brock pursued these strategies to give
the colony a fighting chance.

== War of 1812 ==

=== Early war and the Battle of Detroit ===

The United States declared war on Britain on June
12, 1812.  Brock's preparations meant that Canada
was not unprepared for the war; however, Brock
felt that those preparations would not be enough
to keep the colony secure.  Thus he immediately
moved to capture the strategically important Fort
Mackinac.  This attack was a complete success, but
Brock felt he needed to go further.  He was
hampered in these efforts by the directions of
Governor General George Prevost (Prevost replaced
Craig in late 1811), who favoured a cautious
approach to the war.  Prevost felt that a strict
emphasis should be placed on defense, and was
against any attack into American territory.


On July 12, U.S. General William Hull invaded
Canada at Sandwich (later known as Windsor).  The
invasion was quickly halted, and Hull withdrew,
but this gave Brock the excuse he needed to
abandon Prevost's orders.  Securing Tecumseh's
aid, Brock advanced on Detroit.  At this point,
even with his American Indian allies, Brock was
outnumbered approximately two to one.  However,
Brock had gauged Hull as a timid man, and
particularly as being afraid of Tecumseh's
natives.  Brock thus decided to use a series of
tricks to intimidate Hull.  First, he allowed a
message (ostensibly to Prevost) declining
reinforcements to fall into Hull's hands.  The
reason given was that Brock had more than enough
native allies to take the fort, and thus did not
need additional British troops.  Brock then laid
siege to Fort Detroit, and through a carefully
crafted series of marches, made it appear he had
far more natives with him then he actually did. 
Additionally, he ordered Tecumseh's forces to make
as much noise at possible, thus giving the
impression of a much larger force and intimidating
Hull with the show of a raucous, barely controlled
group of natives. Finally, he sent Hull a letter
demanding his surrender, in which he stated, in
part, "Sir; it is far from my inclination to join
a war of extermination, but you must be aware that
the numerous body of Indians who have attached
themselves to my troops will be beyond my control
the moment the contest commences."  Brock then
hammered the fort with cannon fire.  On August 16,
two hours after receiving Brock's letter, Hull
surrendered unconditionally.

From Hull's perspective, there was one, paramount
reason for his surrender.  Detroit was filled with
civilians, including Hull's own daughter and
grandson, and Hull greatly feared what would
happen should he lose the battle.  At his
court-martial, he stated, "I have done what my
conscience directed- I have saved Detroit and the
Territory from the horrors of an Indian massacre."
This was a huge victory for Brock for a number of
reasons. First, it struck a massive blow to
American morale, and eliminated the main American
force in the area as a threat. Secondly, it gave a
badly needed corresponding morale boost to the
Canadian population, many of whom had not believed
Canada stood a chance against the superior
military might of the United States (some had even
defected to the U.S, and many were recent
immigrants from that country). Third, it allowed
Brock to take the American supplies at Detroit and
use them for his own forces, particularly the
ill-equipped militia. Finally, it secured the
support of Tecumseh and the other American Indian
chiefs, who took it as both a sign of competency
and a willingness to take action.

In enlisting the help of Tecumseh, Brock made a
number of commitments to the Shawnee.  He promised
to negotiate no peace treaty without addressing
the Shawnee's vision of an independent homeland. 
Although this was undoubtedly because Brock needed
the help of Tecumseh, there is no evidence Brock
negotiated in bad faith. Also, Tecumseh evidently
trusted and respected Brock, reportedly saying,
"This is a man" after meeting him for the first
time. 

The capture of Detroit also led to British
domination over most of Michigan.  Brock had
planned to continue his campaign into the United
States, but he was thwarted by the negotiation of
an armistice by Prevost with American Major
General Henry Dearborn.  This stalled Brock's
momentum, and gave the Americans time to regroup
and prepare for an invasion of Canada.  Unable to
predict the point of invasion, Brock frantically
worked to prepare defenses throughout Upper
Canada.

=== Death at Queenston Heights ===

Meanwhile, Major General Stephen Van Rensselaer,
in command of a sizable army near Lewiston (town),
New York|Lewiston, came under presidential
pressure to invade.  Although Van Rensselaer had
severe doubts about the quality of his troops, he
had no choice but to attack.  Making matters
worse, Van Rensselaer was a badly inexperienced
militia general, and thus not trusted by the
majority of regular army troops.  In the early
morning of October 13, 1812, he attempted to cross
the Niagara River, leading to the Battle of
Queenston Heights.  Despite heavy fire from
British artillery, the first wave of Americans
(under Captain John E. Wool) managed to land, and
then follow a fishermen's path up to the heights. 
From this point, they attacked and overwhelmed the
British artillery.

From nearby Fort George, Brock hurried to take
command of the small British force stationed at
the heights.  Fearing that the Americans, with the
artillery out of the way, would move the rest of
their troops across the river, he ordered an
immediate attack on their position.  True to his
personal philosophy of never ordering men where he
would not lead them, he personally led the charge.
 The charge nearly succeeded, but was repelled. 
Brock himself was wounded in the hand, but then
immediately led a second charge.  An obvious
target in his general's uniform, Brock was shot
and killed by American sharpshooters.
Brock's last words have been reported as
"surguite" (press on), or "Push on, brave York
Volunteers" (in reference to a group of the
militia Brock favoured) and even "My fall must not
be noticed or impede my brave companions from
advancing to victory."  It has also been reported
that Brock died immediately, however, so these
accounts are by no means certain.  

Following his death, Roger Hale Sheaffe arrived at
the battle scene and took command of the British
forces. In sharp contrast to his predecessor's
direct attack, Sheaffe took a more cautionary
approach. This ultimately proved successful,
leading to a total victory over the Americans at
the cost of only fifty of his own men.  During the
battle, it is reported that the 49th used "Revenge
the General" as a battlecry.

=== Burial ===
After the battle, Sheaffe and his staff decided to
entrust the funeral arrangements to Captain John
Glegg, who had served with Brock for many years.

On October 16, a funeral procession for Brock and
Colonel Macdonell went from Government House to
Fort George, with soldiers from the British Army,
the colonial militia, and the American Indian
tribes on either side of the route.  The caskets
were then lowered into a freshly dug grave in the
northeast corner of Fort George.  The British than
fired a twenty-one gun salute in three salvos, in
a gesture of respect.  Later that day, the
American garrison at Fort Niagara respectfully
fired a similar salute. Several thousand people
attended the funeral, a remarkable number given
the population of Upper Canada at that time.  

All told, Brock and Macdonells' remains were moved
a total of three times, until finally coming to a
permanent rest inside Brock's monument, on October
13, 1853.  Between twelve and fifteen thousand
people were on hand for the final burial.

=== Attitudes ===
Although many Canadians have come to view Brock as
one of their own, Brock never really felt at home
in Canada.  Although he was complimentary toward
Quebec City, on the whole Brock viewed the country
as a backwater, and earnestly wished to return to
Europe to fight against Napoleon ref|att1 . 
Furthermore, Brock mistrusted the Canadian
colonistsref|att2,  many of whom he suspected of
being American sympathizers, and was reluctant to
arm them to help defend the colonies; he was far
happier fighting alongside British regulars and
Tecumseh's native fighters.

His attitude towards Tecumseh and his other
American Indian allies is noteworthy.  Although
Brock's correspondence indicates a certain amount
of paternal condescension for the nativesref|att3
, he seems to have regarded Tecumseh himself very
highly (calling him the "Arthur Wellesley, 1st
Duke of Wellington|Wellington of the Indians", and
saying "a more sagacious or a more gallant warrior
does not I believe exist"), and also to have a
certain respect for native peoples. Brock's
personal integrity has been well documented, and
suggests that if he had lived he would have kept
his word to provide the Shawnee with their own
homeland.  

Despite his lack of an extensive formal education,
Brock appreciated the importance of it.  It is
reported that he often spent his leisure time
sequestered in his room, reading books in an
attempt to improve his education.  His tastes
varied, and he read many works on military tactics
and science, but he also read on philosophy and
other, less immediately practical, topicsref|att4
.  At the time of his death he was in possession
of a modest library of books, including works by
William Shakespeare|Shakespeare, Voltaire, and
Samuel Johnson.

== Legacy ==


=== On British leadership ===
British military leadership, which had been
decisive up to Brock's death, suffered a crushing
blow with his loss.  His direct successor,
Major-General Sheaffe, although successful in his
approach at Queenston Heights, was never able to
live up to Brock's reputation.  He was criticized
by many, including John Strachan, for his retreat
at the Battle of York, and was shortly after
recalled to England, where he went on to have a
successful, if not brilliant, military career.  
Brock's successor at Detroit, however, fared much
worse.  Colonel Henry Procter faced an attack from
a resurrected American Army of the Northwest under
future President of the United States|President
William Henry Harrison.  Harrison set out to
retake Detroit, but a detachment of his army was
defeated at Frenchtown on January 22, 1813. 
Procter, displaying poor judgement, left the
prisoners in the custody of his native allies, who
proceeded to execute 60 of them.  Subsequent
American victories allowed Harrison to attempt
another invasion of Canada, which led to the
Battle of the Thames on October 5, 1813.  After a
successful American charge, Procter's forces
turned and fled, leaving Tecumseh and his American
Indian troops to fight alone.  They fought on,
eventually being defeated.  Perhaps of more
importance to the British, at this battle Tecumseh
died, and their alliance with the American Indians
was effectively over.
As for Governor General Prevost, who often clashed
with Brock, he remained in command of all British
forces until after the Battle of Plattsburgh, in
1814.  The battle was intended to be a joint
naval/infantry attack, but Prevost didn't commit
his forces until after the naval battle had nearly
ended.  When he finally did attack, his forces
proved unable to cross the Saranac River bridge,
which was held by a small group of American
regulars under the command of the recently
promoted John E. Wool.  Despite a heavy advantage
in manpower, Prevost finally retreated upon
hearing of the failure of the naval attack.  For
his failure at Plattsburgh (city), New
York|Plattsburgh, Prevost was recalled to England
to face an inquiry.  Prevost's health failed him,
and he died in early 1815.

=== In Canada ===  
Canadians regard Brock as one of their greatest
military heroes, since he helped save the Canadian
colonies when all seemed hopeless. He was even
voted #28 on The Greatest Canadian, despite not
actually being a Canadian. A web-based
surveyref|survey by Angus Reid polling group
placed him as the greatest of Canadian military
heroes.  A small cairn at the foot of the
escarpment marks the spot where Brock fell while
an impressive monument, built by public
subscription, overlooks the Queenston
Heights|Heights as a lasting tribute. The monument
was bombed and heavily damaged in 1840 by
Irish-Canadian terrorist Benjamin Lett, but it was
later repaired, although the bodies inside had to
be temporarily moved so as not to damage them.
Inscribed on the monument are the words: "He fell
in action the 13th day of October 1812, in the
43rd year of his age. Honoured and beloved by the
people whom he governed, and deplored by his
Sovereign to whose service his life had been
devoted. His remains are deposited in this vault,
as also those of his aide de camp,
Lieutenant-colonel John Macdonell, who died of his
wounds, the 14th of October 1812, received the day
before in action." There is a monument to General
Brock's horse Alfred ref|Alfred  located at the
south end of the village of Queenston,
Ontario|Queenston nearby the cairn marking the
spot where Brock fell.
In 1816, a series of private half-penny tokens
were issued by an unknown company bearing Brock's
name and the title "The Hero of Upper Canada".
This was somewhat ironic, as private copper tokens
had become common in Canada due to initial
distrust of "army bills", which were paper notes
issued by Brockref|money.   
Also in tribute to him are named the City of
Brockville, Ontario|Brockville ref|rename, the
Township of Brock, and a university at St.
Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Brock
University.  Other schools named in his honour
include the Isaac Brock School in Winnipeg,
Manitoba|Winnipeg (built in 1913), and the Sir
Isaac Brock Public schools in Guelph,
Ontario|Guelph, Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton,
London, Ontario|London and Windsor, Ontario. 
Various roads throughout Ontario are also named
after him.  There is also at least one vessel
named after him, the SS Isaac Brockref|ship.
The Bruce Trail has its southern terminus about
200 metres from Brock's Monument on the easterly
side of the Monument park grounds.

=== In England === 
Although Brock's achievements were overshadowed by
larger-scale fighting in Europe, his death was
still widely noted, particularly in Guernsey. 
Subsequent failures by other British commanders in
Canada helped to cement Brock's outstanding
reputation.
In London, he is remembered at a moderate memorial
in St. Paul's Cathedral, and in Guernsey he has
been commemorated by a series of stamps.  He was
given the title 'Knight of the Bath (KCB)' for his
victory at the Battle of Detroit, although word
did not reach Canada until after his death, so he
never knew he had been knighted.  The depot of the
Royal Berkshire Regiment, created in 1881, is
named "Brock's Barracks", in his honour.
A British naval vessel, the HMS Isaac Brock|HMS
Isaac Brock, was destroyed while under
construction at the Battle of York.

== Footnotes ==
#note|colours Traditionally, the regimental
colours were placed in the care of the regiment's
most junior officer, which in this case would be
Brock.
#note|desertion It was estimated that throughout
the 19th century, annual desertion rates were
occasionally as high as five percent of all
British soldiers posted.  Brock described
desertion as a "contagion". 
#note|att1 See letters from Brock to his brothers
dated September 5, 1808 and November 19, 1808.
#note|att2 See letters from Brock to his brothers
dated December 31, 1809, and to the Right
Honourable W. Windham, dated February 12, 1807,
and also to Lt.-Gen. Prevost, dated December 2,
1811.
#note|att3 See letters from Brock to Lt.-Gen.
Prevost, dated December 2 and 3, 1811.
#note|att4 See Chapter 1 of Tupper.
#note|survey The survey was conducted during the
time that The Greatest Canadian was airing, and
was not scientifically accurate, since it was
internet-only. See opinion poll. 
#note|Alfred Colonel John Macdonell, taking
command until the arrival of Sheaffe, rode Alfred
while leading a charge immediately after Brock's
death. Macdonell was injured and died after the
battle, and Alfred was shot and killed during the
battle.
#note|money Canada had no official currency at the
time, and English currency was rare. This left the
primary currencies in Canada as American and
Spain|Spanish dollars. Brock's "army bills" were
in terms of Spanish dollars, and ceased
circulation after the war. 
#note|rename Originally Buell's Bay, renamed after
Brock's death in 1812.
#note|ship This website discusses the SS Isaac
Brock.
http://www.greatlakesmodeling.com/museum/tomlinson
_scott_isaac_brock.htm

==References==
*Benn, Carl. The War of 1812. Osprey Publishing,
2003. ISBN  1841764663
*Pierre Berton|Berton, Pierre. The Invasion of
Canada. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980.
ISBN 0316092169 (v. 1)
*———. Capture of Detroit.
Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1991. ISBN
0771014252 
*———. Death of Isaac Brock.
Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1991. ISBN
0771014260 
*Will Ferguson|Ferguson, Will. Bastards &
Boneheads. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1999.
ISBN 1550547372
*Hitsman, J. Mackay, et. al. The Incredible War of
1812: A Military History. Orig. pub. 1965,
reprinted by Robin Brass Studio, 2001. ISBN
1896941133
*Malcomson, Robert. Burying General Brock.
Peninsula Press, 1996. ISBN 0969929811
*Tupper, Ferdinand Brock. The Life and
Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock,
K.B. Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1845.

== External links ==
commons|Isaac Brock
*http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=3641
0 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian
Biography Online
*http://www.generalbrock.com/ General Brock
History
*http://www.fedpubs.com/subject/history/bold_brave
.htm Website for Bold, Brave and Born to Lead, a
book about Brock
*http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14428 The Life and
Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock,
K.B. online at Project Gutenberg
*http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/brock/brock13.ht
ml Information on Isaac Brock's family and
geneaology
*http://collections.ic.gc.ca/bank/english/ejun79.h
tm History of the Isaac Brock Half-Penny Tokens
*http://www.friendsoffortgeorge.ca/bm.htm A
website about Brock's memorial
*http://www.walkabout.on.ca/eddybrock/brockisaac.h
tml Isaac Brock Conspiracy Theory Site (Humorous)
*http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/Community/MapleLeaf/
html_files/html_view_e.asp?page=vol7-33p14-15 A
site about the Battle of Queenston Heights, from
Canada's Department of National Defence, notable
for its alternate rendering of Brock's last words

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succession box|title=List of Lieutenant Governors
of Ontario|Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada|
                 before=Francis Gore|
                 after=Roger Hale Sheaffe|
                 years=1811-1812
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