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Dr. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28,
1856–February 3, 1924) was the 28th
President of the United States|President of the
United States (1913–1921). Initially an
academician, he served as President of Princeton
University and was the 45th state List of
Governors of New Jersey|Governor of New Jersey
(1911–1913). He was the second United States
Democratic Party|Democrat to serve two consecutive
terms in the White House, the first having been
Andrew Jackson, and his terms in office spanned
his country's involvement in World War One.

==Early life, education and family==
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born in Staunton,
Virginia in 1856 to Reverend Dr. Joseph Ruggles
Wilson and Janet Woodrow, making him the last
president born in that state. His ancestry was
Scots-Irish going back to Strabane, in modern-day
Northern Ireland. Wilson grew up in Augusta,
Georgia and always claimed that his earliest
memory was of hearing that Abraham Lincoln had
been elected and that a war was coming. Wilson's
father and mother were originally from Ohio, but
sympathized with the Southern United States|South
in the American Civil War|Civil War. They cared
for wounded Confederate States of
America|Confederate soldiers at their church and
let their son go out and see Jefferson Davis
paraded in handcuffs by the victorious Union Army.
Wilson would forever recall standing "for a moment
at Robert E. Lee|General Lee's side and looking up
into his face". (To End All Wars, p. 3.)

Despite suffering from dyslexia, Wilson taught
himself shorthand to compensate for his
difficulties and was able to achieve academically
through determination and self-discipline, but
never quite overcame his dyslexia. Wilson attended
Davidson College for one year and then transferred
to Princeton University, graduating in 1879. He
was a member of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternities and
sororities|fraternal organization. Afterward,
Wilson studied law at the University of Virginia
for one year. After completing and publishing his
dissertation, Congressional Government, in 1886,
he received his Ph.D. in political science from
Johns Hopkins University. (His carved initials are
still visible on the underside of a table in the
History Department). Wilson remains the only
American president to have earned a doctoral
degree.

===Family===
Wilson first met Ellen Axson in a Presbyterian
church; she was the daughter of a minister. He
spent several weeks courting her, but she did not
respond.  Months later, in 1883, he ran into her
by chance in a train station.  She was more
receptive. He proposed to her, and they were
married on June 24, 1885 in Savannah, Georgia.
They had three daughters, Margaret Woodrow
Wilson|Margaret in 1886, Jessie Woodrow
Wilson|Jessie in 1887, and Eleanor Randolph
Wilson|Eleanor in 1889. The three were all
unmarried when he entered the White House, but
that quickly changed.  Jessie married Francis B.
Sayre on November 25, 1913, and Eleanor married
William G. McAdoo, the Secretary of the Treasury
on May 7, 1914.

== Political writings and academic career ==
Wilson came of age in the decades after the
American Civil War|Civil War, when Congress of the
United States|Congress was supreme—"the gist
of all policy is decided by the
legislature"—and corruption rampant. Instead
of focusing on individuals in explaining where
American politics went wrong, Wilson focused on
the American constitutional structure.
(Congressional Government, 180) 

Under the influence of Walter Bagehot's The
English Constitution, Wilson saw the American
Constitution as pre-modern, cumbersome, and open
to corruption. Before the vigorous presidencies of
the turn of the 20th century, Wilson even favored
a parliamentary system for the United States.
Writing in the early 1880s in a journal edited by
Henry Cabot Lodge, Wilson wrote

:"I ask you to put this question to yourselves,
should we not draw the Executive and Legislature
closer together? Should we not, on the one hand,
give the individual leaders of opinion in Congress
a better chance to have an intimate party in
determining who should be president, and the
president, on the other hand, a better chance to
approve himself a statesman, and his advisors
capable men of affairs, in the guidance of
Congress?" (the Politics of Woodrow Wilson,
41–48)

Wilson started Congressional Government, his best
known political work, as an argument for a
parliamentary system, but Wilson was impressed by
Grover Cleveland, and Congressional Government
emerged as a critical description of America's
system, with frequent negative comparisons to
Westminster. Wilson himself claimed, "I am
pointing out facts,—diagnosing, not
prescribing, remedies.". (Congressional
Government, 205) 

Wilson believed that America's intricate system of
checks and balances was the cause of the problems
in American governance. He said that the divided
power made it impossible for voters to see who was
accountable for ill-doing. If government behaved
badly, Wilson asked, 

:"...how is the schoolmaster, the nation, to know
which boy needs the whipping? ... Power and strict
accountability for its use are the essential
constituents of good government.... It is,
therefore, manifestly a radical defect in our
federal system that it parcels out power and
confuses responsibility as it does. The main
purpose of the Constitutional convention of
1787|Convention of 1787 seems to have been to
accomplish this grievous mistake. The 'literary
theory' of checks and balances is simply a
consistent account of what our Constitution makers
tried to do; and those checks and balances have
proved mischievous just to the extent which they
have succeeded in establishing themselves... the
Framers would be the first to admit that the only
fruit of dividing power had been to make it
irresponsible." (ibid, 186–7)

The longest section of Congressional Government is
on the United States House of Representatives,
where Wilson pours out scorn for the committee
system. Power, Wilson wrote, "is divided up, as it
were, into forty-seven seigniories, in each of
which a Standing Committee is the court baron and
its chairman lord proprietor. These petty barons,
some of them not a little powerful, but none of
them within reach the full powers of rule, may at
will exercise an almost despotic sway within their
own shires, and may sometimes threaten to convulse
even the realm itself." (ibid, 76). Wilson said
that the committee system was fundamentally
undemocratic, because committee chairs, who ruled
by seniority, were responsible to no one except
their constituents, even though they determined
national policy.

In addition to their undemocratic nature, Wilson
also believed that the Committee System
facilitated corruption.

:"the voter, moreover, feels that his want of
confidence in Congress is justified by what he
hears of the power of corrupt lobbyists to turn
legislation to their own uses. He hears of
enormous subsidies begged and obtained... of
appropriations made in the interest of dishonest
contractors; he is not altogether unwarranted in
the conclusion that these are evils inherent in
the very nature of Congress; there can be no doubt
that the power of the lobbyist consists in great
part, if not altogether, in the facility afforded
him by the Committee system. (ibid, 132)

But by the time Wilson finished Congressional
Government, Grover Cleveland was president, and
Wilson had his faith in the United States
government restored. By the time he was president,
Wilson had seen vigorous presidencies from William
McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, and Wilson no
longer entertained thoughts of parliamentary
government at home. In his last scholarly work in
1908, Constitutional Government of the United
States, Wilson said that the presidency "will be
as big as and as influential as the man who
occupies it". By the time of his presidency,
Wilson merely hoped that presidents could be party
leaders in the same way prime ministers were.
Wilson also hoped that the parties could be
reorganized along ideological, not geographic,
lines. "Eight words," Wilson wrote, "contain the
sum of the present degradation of our political
parties: No leaders, no principles; no principles,
no parties." (Frozen Republic, 145)

Wilson served on the faculties of Bryn Mawr
College and Wesleyan University before joining the
Princeton faculty as professor of jurisprudence
and political economy in 1890. A popular teacher
and respected scholar, Wilson delivered an oration
at Princeton's sesquicentennial celebration (1896)
entitled "Princeton in the Nation's Service".
(This has become a frequently alluded-to motto of
the University, sometimes expanded to "Princeton
in the World's Service.") In this famous speech,
he outlined his vision of the university in a
democratic nation, calling on institutions of
higher learning "to illuminate duty by every
lesson that can be drawn out of the past".



Wilson was unanimously elected University
President|President of Princeton on June 9, 1902.
In his inaugural address as Princeton's president,
Wilson developed these themes, attempting to
strike a balance that would please both populists
and aristocrats in the audience.

As president, Wilson began a fund-raising campaign
to bolster the university corporation. The
curriculum guidelines he developed during his
tenure as president of Princeton proved among the
most important innovations in the field of higher
education. He instituted the now common system of
core requirements followed by two years of
concentration in a selected area. When he
attempted to curtail the influence of the elitist
"social clubs", however, Wilson met with
resistance from trustees and potential donors. He
believed the system was smothering the
intellectual and moral life of the undergraduates.
Opposition from wealthy and powerful alumni
further convinced Wilson of the undesirability of
exclusiveness and moved him towards a more
populist position in his politics.

== Political career ==
Wilson was president of the American Political
Science Association from 1910 to 1911. Through his
published commentary on contemporary political
matters, Wilson developed a national reputation
and, with increasing seriousness, considered a
public service career. In 1910, he received an
unsolicited nomination for the governorship of New
Jersey, which he eagerly accepted.

== Presidency ==

In the U.S. presidential election,
1912|presidential election of 1912, the Democratic
Party nominated Wilsonref|nomination as its
presidential candidate—even though Champ
Clark was widely expected to get the nomination.
William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt split
the United States Republican Party|Republican
Party by running against each other, allowing
Wilson's victory.

On the day before Wilson's inauguration in March
1913, members of the Congressional Union, later
known as the National Women's Party, organized a
women's suffrage|suffrage parade in Washington,
D.C., to siphon attention away from inaugural
events. It is said that when Wilson arrived in
town, he found the streets empty of welcoming
crowds and was told that everyone was on
Pennsylvania Avenue watching the parade.

Wilson experienced early success by implementing
his "New Freedom" pledges of antitrust
modification, tariff revision, and reform in
banking and currency matters. His actions led to
the establishment of the Federal Reserve System
and Federal Trade Commission.

Suffrage was only one of the volatile issues
Wilson faced during his presidency; until Wilson
announced his support for the Nineteenth Amendment
to the United States Constitution|suffrage
amendment, a group of women calling themselves the
Silent Sentinels protested in front of the White
House, holding banners such as "Mr.
President—What will you do for woman
suffrage?" Domestically, his measures for reform
often met with opposition, although he did succeed
in passing a bill instituting the Federal Reserve.

Wilson's attitude on racial issues is generally
regarded as a stain on his reputation; many argue
that he was instrumental in shaping nadir of
American race relations|the worst period of racism
in American history. His administration instituted
racial segregation|segregation in federal
government for the first time since Abraham
Lincoln began desegregation in 1863, and required
photographs from job applicants to determine their
race. Wilson also regarded those whom he termed
"hyphenated Americans" (German-Americans,
Irish-Americans, etc.) with suspicion: "Any man
who carries a hyphen about with him carries a
dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals
of this Republic whenever he gets ready."


Wilson's "History of the American People" is
repeatedly quoted in the notoriously racist film
The Birth of a Nation, which glorifies the rise of
the Ku Klux Klan in resistance to Radical
Republican Reconstruction. The film was based on a
trilogy by Wilson's classmate Thomas Dixon, whose
stated goal was "to revolutionize northern
sentiment by a presentation of history that would
transform every man in my audience into a good
Democrat!" Wilson saw the film in a special White
House screening on February 18, 1915, and director
D.W. Griffith reported to the press that Wilson
had exclaimed, "It is like writing history with
lightning, and my only regret is that it is all so
terribly true."ref|lightning The statement was
widely reported and immediately controversial. In
subsequent correspondence with Griffith, Wilson
discussed Griffith's filmmaking enthusiastically,
without challenging the accuracy of the quote.
Given the film's strong Democratic partisan
message and Wilson's documented views on race, it
is not unreasonable to interpret the statement as
supporting the Klan, and the word "regret" as
referring to the film's depiction of
Reconstruction. Wilson tried to remain aloof from
the controversy, but finally, on April 30, issued
a non-denial denial.ref|non-denial Wilson's
endorsement of the film's factual accuracy carried
great weight and added to its popularity. The film
in turn was one of the main factors that led, in
the same year, to the reorganization (at Stone
Mountain, Georgia) of the Ku Klux Klan, which had
been  dormant since it was outlawed in the 1870s. 


In the last year of his first term Wilson
assembled an impressive record of legislation,
borrowing much from Theodore Roosevelt's 1912
platform. Wilson signed the Federal Farm Loan Act,
which lowered interest rates for farmers. The Farm
Loan Act immediately lowered interest rates and
farmers hailed it as "the Magna Carta of American
farm finance." Wilson aggressively and
successfully lobbied on Capitol Hill for the
Keating-Owen Act, which banned child labor, the
Kern-McGillicuddy Act, which set up a workmen's
compensation system, and the Adamson Act, which
improved conditions and wages for railroad
workers. To prepare for the possibility of
entering the war, Wilson expanded the army and
navy with an estate tax and tax on high incomes.
(To End All Wars, 90–92)

Wilson was able to narrowly win U.S. presidential
election, 1916|reelection in 1916 by picking up
many votes that had gone with Roosevelt and Eugene
V. Debs in 1912. 

Wilson spent 1914, 1915, 1916, and the beginning
of 1917 trying to keep America out of the First
World War|War in Europe. He offered to be a
mediator, but neither the Allies nor the Central
Powers took his requests seriously. When Germany
resumed unrestricted submarine warfare and made a
clumsy attempt to get Mexico on its side in the
Zimmerman Note, Wilson took America into the Great
War as an "associated belligerent."

Wilson pushed the Espionage Act of 1917 and the
Sedition Act of 1918 through Congress to suppress
socialist, anti-British, pro-Irish, pro-German, or
anti-war opinions. He also set up the United
States Committee on Public Information, headed by
George Creel (thus its popular name, Creel
Committee), which filled the country with
anti-German propaganda and, during the first Red
Scare, ordered the Palmer Raids against leftists.
Wilson had the socialist leader and Presidential
candidate Eugene V. Debs arrested for attributing
World War I to financial interests and criticizing
the Espionage Act. Additionally, Wilson supported
the American Protective League, a private pro-war
organization notorious for its flagrant violations
of American civil liberties.

Between 1914 and 1918 the United States invaded or
intervened in Latin America many times,
particularly in Mexico, Haiti, Cuba, and Panama.
The U.S. maintained troops in Nicaragua throughout
his administration and used them to select the
president of Nicaragua and then to force Nicaragua
to pass the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty. American troops
in Haiti forced the Haitian legislature to choose
the candidate Wilson selected as Haitian
president. After Haiti refused to declare war on
Germany, Wilson had Haiti's government dissolved
and then forced a new, less democratic
constitution on Haiti through a sham referendum.
American soldiers also expelled small farmers from
their lands to work in chain gangs on public works
projects and transferred the land to plantation
owners. In 1919, Haitians rose up in rebellion
against the Americans, resulting in 3,000 deaths.
Gleijesus (1992) notes: "It is not that Wilson
failed in his earnest efforts to bring democracy
to these little countries. He never tried. He
intervened to impose hegemony, not democracy."

Between 1917 and 1920 the U.S. supported the
"White_Movement|White" side of the Russian civil
war, first monetarily, but later with a naval
blockade and ground forces in Murmansk,
Archangelsk, and Vladivostok.

=== World War I ===
In foreign policy Wilson faced greater challenges
than any president since Abraham Lincoln.
Determining whether to involve the U.S. in World
War I tested his leadership severely.



He kept the United States neutral in the early
years of World War I, which contributed to his
popular U.S. presidential election,
1916|re-election in 1916. However, with increased
pressure, the United States entered the conflict
with a formal declaration of war against Germany
on April 6, 1917. A declaration of war against
Austria-Hungary followed on December 7.

After the Great War, Wilson worked with mixed
success to assure statehood for formerly oppressed
nations and an equitable peace. On January 8,
1918, Wilson made his famous Fourteen Points
address, introducing the idea of a League of
Nations, an organization that would strive to help
preserve territorial integrity and political
independence among large and small nations alike.

=== Post-War ===
Wilson intended the Fourteen Points as a means
toward ending the war and achieving an equitable
peace for all the nations. He sailed for
Versailles on December 4, 1918 for the 1919 Paris
Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference
(making him the first U.S. president to travel to
Europe while in office), where he worked
tirelessly to promote his plan. In an effort to
gain France|French support for the League, Wilson
ordered U.S. Marines to stop the German delegation
from entering the conference. The charter of the
proposed League of Nations was incorporated into
the conference's Treaty of Versailles, but most of
the other Fourteen Points fell by the wayside.

For his peacemaking efforts, Wilson was awarded
the 1920 Nobel Peace Prize. Receiving the award
was bittersweet, however, because he was unable to
convince Congressional opponents, such as Henry
Cabot Lodge, to support the resolution endorsing
U.S. entry into the League. United States
membership, Wilson believed, was essential to
ensuring lasting world peace. The Versailles
settlement also led to economic devastation in
Germany that led to the under consumption problems
leading to the Great Depression. Opponents of
Wilson believed that by supporting the Versailles
Settlement, which was actually a series of
treaties, they would create economic devastation.

=== Incapacity ===
On September 25, 1919, Wilson suffered a mild
Cerebrovascular accident|stroke that went
unannounced to the public. A week later, on
October 2, Wilson suffered a second, far more
serious stroke that almost totally incapacitated
him. Although the extent of his disability was
kept from the public until after his death, Wilson
was purposely kept out of the presence of Vice
President of the United States|Vice President
Thomas R. Marshall, his United States
Cabinet|cabinet or Congressional visitors to the
White House for the remainder of his presidential
term.

John Barry, in The Great Influenza, has theorized
that Wilson's predisposition to those strokes was
a complication from the lethal pandemic of Spanish
flu|influenza in 1919, which sometimes affected
the brain.

While Wilson was incapacitated, his second wife,
Edith Wilson|Edith Bolling Galt Wilson, served as
steward, selecting issues for his attention and
delegating other issues to his cabinet heads. This
was to date the most serious case of presidential
disability in American history, and was cited as a
key example why ratification of the 25th amendment
was seen as important. The amendment, which
provides for installation of the Vice President of
the United States|Vice President as Acting
President of the United States|Acting President in
case of presidential disability, was ratified in
1967.

In 1921, Wilson and his wife retired from the
White House to a home in the Embassy Row section
of Washington, D.C. Wilson died there on February
3, 1924. Mrs. Wilson stayed in the home another 37
years, dying on December 28, 1961. He was buried
in Washington National Cathedral.

===Cabinet===
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4"
style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000000;"
align="left"
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|OFFICE||align="left"|NAME||align="le
ft"|TERM
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|President of the United
States|President||align="left" |Woodrow
Wilson||align="left"|1913–1921
|-
|align="left"|Vice President of the United
States|Vice President||align="left"|Thomas R.
Marshall||align="left"|1913–1921
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|United States Secretary of
State|Secretary of State||align="left"|William J.
Bryan||align="left"|1913–1915
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|Robert
Lansing||align="left"|1915–1920
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|Bainbridge
Colby||align="left"|1920–1921
|-
|align="left"|United States Secretary of the
Treasury|Secretary of the
Treasury||align="left"|William G.
McAdoo||align="left"|1913–1918
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|Carter
Glass||align="left"|1918–1920
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|David F.
Houston||align="left"|1920–1921
|-
|align="left"|United States Secretary of
War|Secretary of War||align="left"|Lindley M.
Garrison||align="left"|1913–1916
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|Newton D.
Baker||align="left"|1916–1921
|-
|align="left"|Attorney General of the United
States|Attorney General||align="left"|James C.
McReynolds||align="left"|1913–1914
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|Thomas W.
Gregory||align="left"|1914–1919
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|A. Mitchell
Palmer||align="left"|1919–1921
|-
|align="left"|Postmaster General of the United
States|Postmaster General||align="left"|Albert S.
Burleson||align="left"|1913–1921
|-
|align="left"|United States Secretary of the
Navy|Secretary of the Navy||align="left"|Josephus
Daniels||align="left"|1913–1921
|-
|align="left"|United States Secretary of the
Interior|Secretary of the
Interior||align="left"|Franklin K.
Lane||align="left"|1913–1920
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|John B.
Payne||align="left"|1920–1921
|-
|align="left"|United States Secretary of
Agriculture|Secretary of
Agriculture||align="left"|David F.
Houston||align="left"|1913–1920
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|Edwin T.
Meredith||align="left"|1920–1921
|-
|align="left"|United States Secretary of
Commerce|Secretary of
Commerce||align="left"|William C.
Redfield||align="left"|1913–1919
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|Joshua W.
Alexander||align="left"|1919–1921
|-
|align="left"|United States Secretary of
Labor|Secretary of Labor||align="left"|William B.
Wilson||align="left"|1913–1921
|}





=== Major presidential acts ===
* Signed Revenue Act of 1913
* Signed Federal Reserve Act|Federal Reserve Act
of 1913
* Signed Federal Farm Loan Act|Federal Farm Loan
Act of 1916
* Signed Espionage Act of 1917
* Signed Sedition Act of 1918

=== Supreme Court appointments ===
Wilson appointed the following Justices to the
Supreme Court of the United States:

* James Clark McReynolds (1914)
* Louis Dembitz Brandeis (1916)
* John Hessin Clarke (1916)

==Memorials==


Many memorials to Wilson exist:

*Wilson House, an undergraduate dormitory at Johns
Hopkins University, is named in his honor. 
*Wilson Hall, an administrative building at James
Madison University, is named in his honor.
*His portrait appeared on the U.S.
Large_bills|$100,000 bill, issued in 1934. This
bill was used only for transactions between the
Federal Reserve and Treasury.
* The city of Bratislava (now capital of Slovakia,
Europe) was named "Wilsonovo mesto" (Wilson City)
after U.S. President Wilson for a short period of
time after World War I. This was to commemorate
President Wilson's support for creating the
independent state of Czechoslovakia. For the same
reason, the central railway station in Prague
bears the name "Wilsonovo
nádraží" (Wilson station).
* The Avenue du President Wilson in Paris, France,
is named in honor of Wilson. 
* Wilson has been the subject of books by two
particularly noteworthy authors. Herbert Hoover's
The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson is extremely
sympathetic, and remains the only book written by
one ex-President about another one. Sigmund Freud
and William Bullitt's Thomas Woodrow Wilson: A
Psychological Study is devastatingly
unsympathetic, and was unpublished for 30 years
after Freud's death.
* Woodrow Wilson Bridge across the Potomac River
on the portion of the Capital Beltway which is
also Interstate 95 is located in three
jurisdictions, Virginia, Maryland, and the
District of Columbia; more than any other
Interstate Highway bridge. Wilson was an early
automobile enthusiast and, while president, he
took daily rides to calm himself, a hallmark
behavior of modern adults with Adult
attention-deficit disorder|Attention Deficit
Disorder. It is one of the most heavily-traveled
bridges in the world.



==Media==
multi-video start
multi-video item|filename=Woodrow Wilson at a
parade, 1918.ogg|title=Wilson at a parade (1918)
|description= Wilson tips his hat as he exits the
White House on his way to a parade along
Pennsylvania Ave (1918).|format=Theora
multi-video item |
  filename      =  Woodrow Wilson video
montage.ogg|
  title         =  Woodrow Wilson video montage|
  description   =Collection of video clips of the
president.  (7.5 Megabyte|MB, ogg/Theora format).
|
  format        = Theora

multi-video end

== Related articles ==
* U.S. presidential election, 1912
* U.S. presidential election, 1916
* History of the United States (1865-1918)|History
of the United States (1865–1918)
* USS Woodrow Wilson (SSBN-624)|USS Woodrow Wilson
(SSBN-624) (An USN SSBN named after President
Wilson.)
* Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library

== External links ==
Wikisource author

*
http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ww28.
html Official White House biography
*
http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/showfindingaid.cfm?findaidi
d=WilsonW Audio clips of Wilson's speeches
*
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/w
ilson1.htm First Inaugural Address
*
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/w
ilson2.htm Second Inaugural Address
*
http://sources.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Wilson
%27s_War_Address President Wilson's War Address
* http://www.libraryreference.org/wilson.html
Woodrow Wilson Biography

* http://www.woodrowwilson.org Woodrow Wilson
Presidential Library at His Birthplace Staunton,
Virginia 
* http://www.woodrowwilsonhouse.org Woodorow
Wilson House Washington,DC
* http://www.wilsoncenter.org/  Woodrow Wilson
International Center for Scholars Washington,DC
 
* http://www.davidpietrusza.com/wilson-links.html
Woodrow Wilson Links
* Works by
http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/w#a1689
Woodrow Wilson at Project Gutenberg
=== Notes ===
# note|nomination
http://www.multied.com/elections/Conventions/1912D
EM.html
http://www.multied.com/elections/Conventions/1912D
EM.html
# note|lightning Dray, 2002, p. 198.
# note|non-denial Wade, 1987, p. p. 137.

=== References ===
* http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec28.html
Library of Congress: "Today in History: December
28"
* http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun09.html
Library of Congress: "Today in History: June 9"
* Dray, Philip. At the Hands of Persons Unknown:
The Lynching of Black America, New York: Random
House, 2002.
* Gleijesus, Piero. "The other Americas,"
Washington Post Book World, December 27, 1992, 5.
* Wade, Wyn Craig. The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux
Klan in America. New York: Simon and Schuster
(1987).

start box
succession box | before=Francis L. Patton| 
title=President of Princeton University| 
years=1902–1910 | after=John G. Hibben
succession box|title=List of Governors of New
Jersey|Governor of New Jersey|before=John Franklin
Fort|after=James F. Fielder
(as acting
governor)|years=1911 – 1913
succession box|title=United States Democratic
Party|Democratic Party President of the United
States|Presidential :